Improvement in ice-machines



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A'. C. TWINING. ine-Machines,

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nNrrnn STATES PATENT OFFICE.

IMPROVEMENT IN.` ICE-MACHINES.

Specification forming part of Letters Patent No; 146,621, dated January 20, 1874 `application filed June 6, 1872. i

To all whom it may concern: e

De it known that I, ALEXANDER CArLrN TWINING, of the city and county of New liaven and State of Connecticut, have invented a new and Improved lceMachine, and l hereby declare that the following isa full and exact description of my said improvement and invention, to wit:

The machine will produce the cold by the evaporation and recondensatiou of a volatile liquid, insoluble or but sparingly soluble in water, during mixture or contact of the same with salt-water, or other solution or medium, which last is cooled by contact with the first during the evaporation. Then the salt-water or medium so cooled, is made to circulate around receptacles or water-chambers containing water to be frozen, and is to be returned to the cooling-vessel to be cooled anew, all essentially, in this respect, as explained in an application for a patent heretofore made by me, and also as further explained herein. The foregoing word Lmedium is and will be herein used exclusively to signify the liquid or solution, of whatever description, that is cooled in an evaporating vessel or process, and circulated as above described.` But my improvement herein consistsuin the particular way, means,

orparts for the operation and freezing effect thus generally above referred to.

Figure 1 is a view of the parts in elevation, and Fig. 2 is a ground plan of the same.

rlhe cooling-vessel or refrigerator, in which the evaporation of the volatile liquid goes on, is E. The evaporation is effected by a doubleaction pump, P, which draws or receives vapor out of E, through the inlet-pipe and valves e e, and forces the Vapor out through the exit-pipe and valves f f. Compression of the vapor, received as above, goes on alternately above and below the piston of the pump; and in order to prevent, as effectively as possible, any escape of the compressed vapor between the piston and the inner surface of the pump, and also to reduce friction between the same parts to the least possible, a channel, space, or spaces, c, all around the piston, is made to containoil, glycerine, water, brine, or other liquid or'solution for packing or lubrication, which liquid will iill any minute space or leak between the piston and the surface specified.

i into w.

But, because this liquid will in part escape or be forced into the chamber of the pump beneath the pi stou, the lower pump-head is made hollowing downward, anda small cylindric chamber, w, is provided in the middle to receive this escaped liquid flowing or delivered down into it. To make the iiow or delivery the more complete and speedy, the flexible metallic or other plate z isi fixed at its middle to the piston and beneath it, and has a less or a reversed curvature, compared with the interior surface of the pump-head which it comes upon, so that the rim of z will close iirst `upon the exterior circle or part of the head, and then progressively close from the exterior to the middle, and force the liquid The plun er @projects down from the middle of the piston, and lits snu ly into the receptacle w, and so, in the latte part of the pistons descent, drives back the contained liquid into the groove c through the perforation which leads along the` middle of o, as shown.

through a conduit or channel, shown by the dotted lines near and above c. This upper conduit shouldor may conduct to the rim or edge of the pistons upper surface, where a small depression may run around, and con-` of the vapor, so that an excess of liquid, if any, accumulated aboverthe piston may be driven back by the gradual closing of the plate e above the piston upon the upper hollowing surfacesof the latter. Forit will be observed thatl while z or z', whether above or below, closes from rim to center upon the pump-head, they close from center `to rim upon the pistons surfaces. As this lubrication liquid may waste a little through the inlet and outlet valves, a cup and cock,` Y1,

should be provided to introduce a supply, as l f needed, into the upper chamber ofthe pump.

If there should be an excess of liqul,` y it esca-pes to the upper surface of the piston This method of packing a piston by a lubricating or other liquid, constantly supplied, may

is chieily occupied bythe medium, which mustv not hold the' volatile liquid employed more than sparingly, at least, inv soution. When the volatile liquid employed for evaporation is butyline, butyl, or any ofthe hydrocarbons lighter than the medium employed, the former will oat and occupy the space m, whence it may be drawn oft' through the pipe H. Above all this there rests a grating,`J2, and in the higher spaces of E there rests another grating, J1, composed of bars parallel to the lbars of J2, and 'vertically abovethe middle line of the spaces 'between the latter. Sheets or cloths l are extended between these lower and upper bars, and these cloths or sheets may be parted at top eitherway, so that each shall vbe fastened above to twocontiguous bars, and a triangular trough beI formed at top of each sheet 3 or these troughs `'may be separate and distinct parts, 'made'of thin metal, or of canvas, or parchment, or of any suitable material, and in any suitable shape, and the cloths or sheets may be'attached to them in any suitable way. The material of these troughs is either porous or else Vit is perforated by mi-V nute holes, so that a 'liquid discharged into the troughs will readily flow through both,V sides, and liood or saturateand vrundownl both sidesv of y each of the cloths or sheets.

Immediately above J1 is the hollow ring n, with cross-pipes parallel to the 'afore-described bars, and each pipe enters'endwise either way into the ring, and receives the volatile 'liquid through it, and discharges the same liquid downthrouglr a iine slit along its bottom and a nipple running along` each vside of the slit and projecting down, as shown lby the drawing. This slit in each instance" runs along parallel `to and vertically above the bottom line Vor angle of the 'trough formed by the cloths orsheets underneath. lA-gain, there is a colander, J ,immediately abovcn, spreading across the interior of E,'and formed withholes in rows, each row being vertically above the middle of a pipe, u, and as many rows as pipes. These holes discharge the medium, equably distributed,down upon the pipes n, and the same runs down both vsides ofthe pipes and the nipples, and falls, mixed equably and vintimately with the volatile liquid, into the troughs, and the two liquids `low to.- gether down the cloths or sheets in lilmsy or minute drops, commingled or superimposed one uponl another. For 'the colander there may be substituted any vesseh'coil, orassemblage of pipes or partsl full of orifices, so numerous, minute, and disposed in rows or otherwise, as to deliver the medium in une drops,

jets, or spray equablyupon the ring and pipes u, or grating J1, or the `upper extremities or parts of -t-he cloth or sheets 5 and the like substitution may be made for the ring and pipes u, relatively to the distribution of the volatile liquid, provided that the substitute vor substitutes shall be so constructed and situated as to secure the equable inter-mixture of thevoL atile liquid with the mass of the medium, and also the equable distribution vof the intermixture in the troughs, or upon the bars, or upper part of the cloths or sheets; but, because neither the intermixture nor the distribution can be absolutely equable, it is best that the volatile liquid should be presentin excess. l't is very easily understood that kthe drops or films of volatile liquid, being made cold by evaporation, as described, must impart cold to the medium with which they are in commixture or contact. The medium greatly' exceeds in mass the volatile liquid, and it falls down, in union with any of the llatter remain- Iing unevaporated, upon the diaphragm l).

This sinkson all sides so as to forma gutter, h, entirely around, and conduct 'the cold mediumand residue of the volatile liquid to the pipes g, which pierce the diaphragm and open into the gutter. Through these pipes the mixed liquids `runs down into M, and the lighter ofthe two rises to m, as above de l The manner in which lthe vola-tile vliquid is supplied 'to the hollow ring oz, and the medium to the colander J, out of which, respectively,

lthese liquids flow, as above described, `will 'next be explained. In lthe mass Mithere is 1m- 'mersed a hollow ring, N, perforated with nu merous holes, and out ot' this vproceeds the pipej, which conducts to the exhaust et' the cold-'inedium-pump B. This is'shown double acting, and discharges through K4 into the freezing-cisterns V Vl V?, etc., hereafter described, in which the cold mediumcirculates around the water-chambers W W VW, 85o., and "whence the pumpingforce sends it through yr Rlintothe colander'J but'the volatile liquid vis collected `in 'the receptacle T, whence'it liows lthrough the regulation-cock and the pi pe 1 t2in to 'theringm The pressure above the liquid in T is kept equable with that in E by the communieating-pipe RK` Y As fast as'liquidy is discharged through R2, it is resupplied from the condenser or restorer It througlrz, and from fm.. through H1 and the pump U1, which last draws vola` tile liquid from m, and discharges into B2 through H2, and thence into T. lfthe volatile liquid is heavier than the `medium-as in case bisulphide of carbon is usedfthering N must occupy the upper part ot ,the mass M, -and the pipe H conduct out ofthe lower part. A

' The condenser It may be constructed in the ordinary manner'ofpipes for cold \vater"iiow ing within them,'to condense compress-'ed vapor surrounding the pipes, or vice versa, in a tight vessel; or the Y"samemaybe of any other suitable' construction. The condensed vapor will be forced out of the vbottom of R bythe Asuperior pressure inthe latter vessel, through EBZ and 4its regulaingcock into'T, as above.

For simplicity of constructionaiul a greater `eitectivcness ot' performance, I have invented the form an d `arran gement ot' condenser shown in the drawing. In the middle of the tight andstrong cylindric or other vessel R, a small cylinder or acute cone, L, may conveniently pass fromV the top far down to the bottom; and it may also receive either the water-pipe I, as shown by dot-ted lines at G, or the vapor-pipe l, as shown by the dotted lines and two-way cock at mi. Also, on one side it has avertical narrow slit, S2, or series ot' openings into a channel between thin metallic sheets, soldered or tight-ly attached on the sides ot' the slit or series,-and extending from the bottom of the `central `cylinder or cone nearly to its top, or aslhigh as the under part ofthe space or compartmentD' in the drawing. Both sheets together are then to be wound spirally around and around, but kept at an even and small distance apart by interposed strips or knobs between the sheets. ln this way a spiral space,

i, will be formed, as shown in the ground plan, while at the Sametime another spiral space, a', will `be formed, exterior to or between the iirst. Both spaces are shown in the drawing, where the entire metallic coil, so formed with the spiral spaces, is denoted by S. The spiral space i' is much narrower than a', and is designed to receive, through f F, the vapor from `E, compressed iutoit by the pump P. But the spiral space x is meant to receive the cir' intoSl, as shown, and continuing the waterpipe intoL, and thence into x, instead o'tA 1', by a proper and obvious construction or attachment of the metallic sheets, the above respective directions of the vapor circulation and the water circulation may be interchanged. In either case, the spaces i and a' must, for this variety of operation, be closed at top completely, instead of only partially, as in the drawing, and also must be closed at bottom, except the limited entrances provided for t' into` m1 and for x into Ml. Ordinarily, however, the spaces z' and .fv may open into the upper chamber of VIt more advantageously `than into L, (thence to F and I by the slits S S2,) as above described. For this purpose, and

in order to isolate completely those spaces from one another, the diaphragm D1 divides the upper space of R, above S, into two disftinct compartments, m2 and M2, and` the diaphragm D2 in like manner divides the space 'belowS into two compartments, m1 and M.

0f these compartments, m1 and m2 are open to i at the upper and lower openings or boundaries of that space, while, in like manner, M1

and M2 are open to "Thus, the drawing shows z' stoppedfrom any opening into M1, and e M2 and a' stopped likewise from any communication with m1 and m2. Accordingly, the

mode of operating (externally to Land witlr out its use) is the following: A,Water drawn, as

through H, from any source of supply into the y cold-water pumpA is received into M2 through I and the cock m4, passes down through w into M1, cooling the metallic sheets on lts way, and

condensing the compressed vapor in This B2, as above. It should be observed that an equivalent construction fortthis same mode of operation would be to form and dispose the above metallic sheets into concentric cylinders, (with the spaces t' and x between the sheets, relatively, as before described) increasing in diameter from the interior to the exterior ot' It, and closed from communication with the chambers on either side ot' D1 and D2 in like manner, as already explained; but the coil has the advantage ot avoiding -the long vertical solderings or joints `oi' the cylinders, and, besides, 4the edges can be loosened, and the sheets uncoiled for cleaning from time to time with great facility.. The chamber D1 G around L illustrates yet another variation. Let, for ex; ample, the cock m4 close I to M2, and open it to that chamber. Into the same chambers,n will also open by one at least ot its coils, but is supposed iu this, as in a former case, to be closed' completely from M2 as well as "from m2. Equally, also, isit supposed to be closed from Ml as well as from ml, except ait-oneor two of the external coils, as at m". By this a waterV circulationis secured from the middle outward. There is shown also a slit, S1, in the external shell of R, with which communicates This is covered by the box or half-cylinder 1L',

into which the pipe F enters, being closed by i the cock G and diverted `from m2 to L 5 then by closing i everywhere above and below,exf cept a single coil, as M", opening into m ,the gas may be made to expand spirally from exterior parts to central parts. i Obviously, as before stated .and described,.the sanie would be true ot' the cooling water if` w were connected with L', but closed everywhere above and below, except at some coil or two next to L and underneath; but, iu what manner soever circulated, the water thrown 1n by A is dis charged by the waste-pump A after itscool` another essential to equalize .pressures between the .compressed vapor and the cooling water-in other words, between the two spaces 'i and fr, or the chambers m1 and M-is the office'- of the equalizer. This last consists of the smooth-bore cylinder' C2 and its free but snuglyiitting piston c2. It is obvious that by this provision the pressure in m1 or in z' will always be propagated to the water in M1, and vice versa. No matter, therefore, in respect to this, how thin the metal sheets of S may be, since a change of form cannot ensue in virtue of the interior pressures, whether by collapse or enlargement. However, there are other modes for the same cautionary prevention, of which the foregoing is simply a type or equivalent. Also, it is obvious that this above-described construction by coiled metallic sheets, or by concentric cylinders furnished with an equalizer, is just as applicable to the absorber or to the exchanger (so called) of an ammonia or Carre ice-machine as to the above. In those uses the space for the cooling water would be relatively less than in the drawing. In the first named of those uses, the space i.' being' dnl y enlarged, would serve for the absorption, water and ainmoniacal gas being emptied by an ammonia-pump forcing into the retort or boiler.

All'the foregoing description has special reference to the operation and devices for producing the cold required; but what follows will have reference mainly to applying the cold medium, when and in. Whatever Way refrigerated, and chiefly to applying it for the purpose of manufacturing ice. For this I provide any required number of tight freezingcisterns, V Vl V2, 85e.,havingre-entering waterchambers W W XV, Src., separated from one another, and from the cisterns by the surrounding' channels 0, through which the medium circulates. Of these cisterns, the iirst of the series, for the time being, is always considered to be the one which first receives therefri gerated medium from the refrigeratin g vessel or apparatus. For example, from E, as above described, the drawing shows a provision for pumping this medium by B through K into a pipe, 7c, traversing near and parallel to the lower front angle or edge of V2, which, at this point of the description, is taken as the first cistern in the series.Y The iiow is checked when near or opposite the far corner of V2, and its course there diverted by a stop-valve worked by the rod and handle s. The small lateral pipes p receive it, each one alike, as nearly as may be, and discharge it upward through a series of small orifices directly beneath the middle and along the Aerteilt of the water-chamA bers W2, thus causing the refrigerated medium to impinge equably and symmetrically upon the under surfaces of those chambers. From beneath the chambers it iiows laterally intothe vertical narrow receptacles o, and rises through them in a slow and even current. These rect angles or channels are surmounted or closed by pipes p exactly or sufiiciently similar to orifices, which let in the medium from vbeneath, and conduct it to an external pipe, c, that extends parallel to k alongand 'opposite to the upper front angle or edge of the cistern. Vater filling the water-chambers of V 2 will thus have been refrigerated or frozen by the circulating' medium, which last, on the other hand, will have become less cold and less refrigerating. It does not, however', pass immediately back to E to be refrigerated anew, but the pipe k turns down or branches to the two-way cock y, which can closeit, but which, in the position now or first considered, opens the way for it into a supply'pipe in front of the cistern V1, exactly corresponding in situation, structure, dimensions, and oiiice, relatively to that cistern, with 7a and its lateral dis tributi11g-pipe p, above described. And, for this reason, this supply-pipe is marked for that and every cistern by the same letter, il', as well as its valve and handle by s, and its lateral or distributing-pipes are marked p. Also,univer sally, the upper receiving-pipes and dischargepipes, like the foregoing, are marked, respectively, p1 and k1, because they correspond with the like parts ot V2 in construction and oliice. Also, the channels 0 surrounding the waterchambcrs XVI convey a circulation, and perform a refrigerating or freezing' of the v -iter in those chambers precisely corresponding to the like already described for V2 and W2, only less in degree. The drawing shows the second cistern, V1, ofthe series, having its lateral re ceivingpipes p conducting into 0, and thence into k1, whichlast, as described for the like preceding, turns down by its branch to the two way cock y1, opposite the rear end ofthe cistern V, next following.v rihis, again, opens into the pipe 7c which runs near and parallel to the front bottom angle or edge of V, and has, lik-e the others, its distributing-pipes 1J. The refrigerating medium, accordingly, circulates beneath and between the water-chamber, VV, and refrigerates or freezes the water illing those chambers, precisely as before in V and V2, but less in rapidity of operation. The same medium then passes up by o, and along the distributing-pipes p1, into the disch arge-pipe ot' V, which, like those preceding., turns down and conducts the refrigerating medium into the lowerpipesand the circulating channels of the next freezingcistern, if such there is, and so on to the next cistern, and through the entire series of connecting cisterns, however numerous or however limited in number. But the last discharge-pipe of the series, for the time being shown as la ofthe cistern V in the drawing, debouches into the discharge-pipe R1 of the entire assemblage ot' cisterns, either directly or, a-s iu the particular arrangement shown by the drawing, into pipes conducting to it, as hereafter described. riheforce of the circulation-pump B, propagated through the series and into R1, throws the returned medium into the colander J at top of E, as before described. Now, when the water-clntmbers ofthe iirst cistern V 2 have become frozen up, that cistern must be shut off and detached from further operation, and V1 must take its place as y iirst in the series for the time being. To eifect this detachment, turn the handle 5' properly, and

`the connected central rod, which is'shown with its projecting arms, will revolve, at their extremities, certain covers that t the curve of the bore of k and shut off from that frozen-up cistern V2, the entrances of the pipes p. By the same movement a disk (not shown) at the extremity of 7c next to is, but whichhad performed as the stop-valve before referred to, will simultaneously revolve open and afford the reti-igerating medium a passage past V2 onto the front bottom pipe 7c of the next cistern V1, thence into Vl and through the chant this manipulation V will have become, instead of V1, the first operative cistern of the series. Meanwhile the iceblocks of V2 will have been loosened and removed, in manner, it may be, as hereafter described, and its chambers VV2 refilled with fresh water. Accordingly, this VZis now in preparationto be reconnected with the series of operative cisterns; butit will evidently, when so connected, be the last of that `series considered respectively to the refrigerating performance. But this renewed connection cannot be made by opening the discharge-pipe ofthe preceding cistern V into the supply-pipe k of V2, as in ordinary cases, because the latter pipe is already performing in the cold-medium circuit to supply V2 and the series beyond. Therefore, let 7c of this and of every cistern be supplemented with a second pipe, a", in `front of and parallel to them,respectively, and communicating with any desired branch of k through y or y', &c., which cocks can open the way from o* to kf, and simultaneouslyshut off `7c from k. All the distributing-pipes p are con tinued `into this supplementary pipe, which may thus be' made the supply-pipe, when` k is shut ofi', and every cistern of the entire num ber is supplemented in this manner, as shown, and marked by i" inthe drawing, because every one will'be-come frozen up and detached in turn. Also, every supplementarypipebis' supplied with a handle, S, and a central rod, working covers for shutting the entrancesfo'f p, anda terminal disk for a stop-valve, in like manner as explained for the pipes 7c.' The ar rangement of these stops and valves is such that r of either cistern has its entrances p open, when the terminal stop-valve is closed, t, t 4and vice versa. Therefore, the discharged medium from V, entering by the supplementary pipe r, circulates along the chambers of i V2 till discharged anewlbyk of thatlast cistern to the cock y of the-nextcistern V1; but, since that cistern Vl is now in courseof discharging its ice, and of `refilling with `fresh water, its communications p are kto be kept closed, so that both k and r are shut of, for the time4 being, from V1, althougheach, by itself, through its opens'top-valves, conducts its own free current past that detached cistern that is to say, the supply-pipe 7a conducts onward past the frozenfcistern the cold current coming from K, and through the `supplypipe of V?, but the supplementary pipe if conducts similarly the less cold current `coming through y from the discharge-pipe k of `,V2, as described. In shortth'e mode of adjustment for the entire series at any and' every stage of the operation is easily tobe understood,"as follows: Beginning at and with the detached cistern, let it be noticedythat its supply-pipe k, and with it everylike supply-pipe back to K, is closed or cut oli' `from the cisterns; but, consequently, each one is` open to the supplyf pipe next following ,itself in the currents direction, and open, as welheach o ne to the, supply-pipe next preceding itself all the way` up to K, and including the supply-pipe itself, which joins or opens into K; but everysup-` ply-pipe, otherthan those last named, is open at once, and only to its own cistern and tothe discharge-pipe k of the cistern preceding it.` Again, the supplnnentary` pipe of every oistern, except the detached cistern, is :inltheg` opposite condition tothatof the supply-pipe of the same cistern, inrespect to being closed or open to the cistern.

The complete operation or performance will be the following: The newly-refrigerated cui1` rent from E into k is cutoffifrom, and so avoids, in passing, all the cisterns asfar as to the one next following (in theA currentsfdir'ee:

tion) the detached cistern. Itgenters this first cistern, for the time beinglof the operative series through the pipes p, and thecirculation goes` on progressively in that and the following cisterns around the waterchambers, and out through the respective discharge-pipes 7c and` into the next following supply-pipeslc, in inanner as before described.l This .progresslon continues through the supply-pipes up to vRl, 'or

into and through the cistern whose `supplementary pipe o' (see V in the drawing) i opens directly iutoor joins Rl; but, thence, the pipes r take up thesupply, for the dischargepipek i of thislast cistern conducts `thecurrent into the supplementarypipe of the next cistern, or that one (see V"Z inthe drawing) whose supplypipe 7c -joins K immediately. A This supplementary pipe now takes the office of the supply-l pipe; and the saine is true of every] supplenienta'ry pipe, into which the discharge-pipesA successively open throughly y', &c.,` all the way t0 the cistern preceding the detachedIiste'ri),.

that being the last of the operative series for the time being. Beyond this last, in"tl1`ecur tern, with a cock between each two continu-Y ous cisterns. Of these cocks only the one between the detached cistern and the cistern next preceding, or the last of the operating` serieswill be open. Being thus open, it will admit the discharge from the last cistern of the series to pass through k of' the detached cisterlrand flow into the supplementary' pipe of the next cistern, or the tirst of the series, through the branch which would unite with y, as above described. rlhe drawing shows this discharge-pipe continued (in the elevation) from V2 to V1, and furnished between the two with a cock, G2. The cocks y, Src., would perform, as before, between r, 7c, and 7c 5 but, by a varied or equivalent construction to the foregoing, an added function would be performed relative to and Vbetween r and k. rI his function would be to interrupt the continuity of r, and to divert the cold medium coming through it into k at and by the cock y of thev first cistern of the series. lo make this construction clear, let each supply-pipe, after traversing its own cisterns length, be permanently inter` rupted at its far extremity, instead of temporarily by a stop-valve; and let thehandle S and its appurtenances `be dispensed with, both in these and the supplementary pipes. Also, let the supplementary pipes r be continuous as one pipe, and form a prolongation of K in front of the whole series of cisterns, without direct connect-ion with either of the-m, but only with cocks y y', Ste., and with the supply-pipes at and through them. To operate this arrangement, let y of the first cistern of the operating series be so set as to interrupt r,but to open it to k in the part between y an d K, and admit the cold medium from K to the cistcrn by that inlet, and let the same position or ad justmcnt of that cool; close the connected branch of k to k, and open it to e on the side opposite to that of the inlet just above mentioned. The cold medium through r being interrupted at and by y,will turn into k and the distributing-pipes p ot' the first cistern of the series. It will circulate upward along the water-chambers, and through the dischargepipe of that cistern to the supply-pipe of the second eistern of the series, and so on successively until it will have passed around and back to the detached cistern, and through its discharge-pipe and its branch down into r on the other side, or in advance of the interruption by y, and will ind a free way to Rl and the refrigerator.

It is hardly necessary to add that a substitute for the continuons pipe r, in the last-described arrangement, might be had in the use of two tlexibletubes, one of the two to coupleon and connect K with y of the tirst cistern of` the operating series, and the other to couple upon and similarly'comiect Rl with the branch of the discharge-pipe of the last ofthe series.

It remains to explain thc manner and means in and by whichthe vice-cakes are detached from Ythe disconnected cistern. Y F' st, vthey must be loosened from the" water-chambers. This may be done by making the current-or a partial current-of the cooling water of the condenser or restorer circulate in the channels 0 beneath and around the chambers. For this, let each of the series of eisterns befurnished behind, both at top and botto1n,\'vith thetwo interrupted horizontal pipes d and. d. Qt' these the lower, 1, is for an inlet of the circulating water, and the upper, d', is anontlet for its egress. rlhe pipes p and p are continned through and into this outlet and inlet,

in like manner as before described for the fron tpipes It' and k. -Let the water-pipe lil be closed, or partially closed, by the cock X; and snp. pose V1 to be the detached cistern froinwhich the ice is to 'be removed. Attach the iiexible tube a to the water-pipe on the side from which the water is iiowing, (see (1,) and also to the conduit c leading to and joining the inletpipe of V1. (See dl) Attach, also, a second iiexible tube, b', to H on the side of X in the direction ofthe waters flow or current, (see q.) and also by the intervention of I) to the exitpipe d of V1. The operation will be that the water-current in H will be diverted into Y1 and its circulating channels, either wholly or partially, according to the degree of interruption afforded by the position of X. rihe vwarmth of the circulating waters will loosen the cakes in. W1, so that they may be withdrawn; but the small percentage ot ice thawed will not be mainly a loss, because the cooling of the water of condensation will reduce the` pressure in R, and, by so much, relieve the working pump. y

n the above there is, however, this disadvantage, that the medium in the cistern will become mixed or incorporated with thecirculating water, and bc wasted, unless previously drawn oft' by an imperfect and laborious operation. Therefore l provide the separate cir culation or medium pump U, whose outlet-pipe a conducts the circulated liquid into the particular part or segment ot' the inlet-pipe desired, which part is isolated for the time from every external pipe, except u, by turning the attached stop-cocks properly. Also, the inlet,` pipe Z conducts the same liquid (or medium,7 since it is the same liquid or solution as that in E, and interchangeable with it) out from the proper segment of the exit-pipe d', which is isolated for the time and purpose, and corresponds with the like of the inlet-pipe, as above described. rEhe pipe a or else the pipe b is so much prolonged or enlarged, in some part of it, as to hold a sufficient quantity of the medium to be circulated by C 5 and to keep this medium from being cooled down, the pro- ,f into its"4 1n ssfas they' willbe at top.

longed or enlarged part of it is surrounded by aswell, U, of H, so as to be enveloped in the fresh, and comparatively warm, wat-er ot condensation iiowing into and through H.

For convenience in attaching e and b to their respective segments, the inlet and exit pipes d and d may be constructed in isolated segments, like the separate supply and discharge pipes in front, before described. Then a. may ru-n along the inlet-pipes, parallel to them, and be connected by a stem and a cock with each segment, to be opened or shut oft' at pleasure. Next, it may turn and be connected similarly with rthe outlet-pipes or segments, and go on to b, and discharge into the. latter.

t' course, an interruption-cock must be provided in a b, to cut oft communication between these inlet an d exit branches. This system will correspond closely with the attire-described pro-4 'clnnbefdurihgrefrigeration, is isolated on top-from the external atmosphere by a wooden or other non-conducting cover,Y, fitting closely.

, ln order to conveniently withdraw the cake at'- l ter loosening as above,there is projected down from the coveramet/allic or other tenacious andserratedwor,c rrugatedustrip t, attached `,one to `e`a`cli"bpposite'narrow sidemo the cover. Tlies'estripsare hooked'or serrated Adeeply ,l enough "t fold the caire securely when frozen Then and its attached cake will "be lifted l the coi together, and the latter be easily detached by a blow; o'r'thc stock of the central lifting-ring delivered of the ice, all the `water-ch ambers will be refilled with water cooled l )rcviousl y, if practicable, and to thel lowest temperature allowed by the cooling means at command.

What I claim in the above, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is the following:

1. The combination, in a refrigeratin g or eva-porating vessel, of the colander J` or it-sequivalent, and the ring and pipes n, or their equivalent, with the sheets or cloths and an evaporating pump or apparatus, substantially as and for the purpose described.

In union with an evaporatin g pump or apparatus, the combination ot' salt water, or

l other` equivalent medium, with a volatile `or easily-evaporated liquid, not soluble, ory but sparingly soluble, in that medium, and with trough-like spaces beneath to receive and to diffuse those liquids commingled upon both surfaces of the sheets, substantially as and for the purpose described.

3. In, or with an evaporating vessel or refrigerator, the combination of the'diaphragin D, the pipes g', the discharge-pipe H1, and a discharging-pump, substantially as described.

4.. For condensing or restoring to its liquid condition the vapor of a volatile liquid, the vess sel R, made with isolated spaces containedby thin metallic sheets, one otl the spaces or se-v cisterns having water-chambers contained or bounded by circulation channels with the suppl y-pipes and discharge-pipes, or'their equivalents, i'or equable distribution and circulation of a reirigerating medium, and with supplementary pipesy or the continuous supplement-` ary pipe described, or the ieXible tubes equivalent to the latter pipe, and also with a pump or apparatus for circulation of the medium,or any combination substantially the same, and for the same purpose, as described.

6. The general system or combination lfor loosening the ice-cakes--that is to say, of inlet and outlet pipes and a pump circulating water or a medium of higher than freezing temperature-in the channels of cisterns having waterchambers contained or bounded by those channels, or any substantially thc same, as and i'or the purpose described.

7 The means' described, or any substantially the same, for drawing out the ice-blocks from the chambersthat is to say, a hooked or serrated strap or strips, bolt, orscrew to be frozen "upon or within the mass of ice and attached to a ring, handle, or cover above the chamber, which can be lifted to draw out the block.

S. The force-pump u for returning the escaped packing or lubricating liquid, in coinbination with the groove or space c upon or around the body or surface of the piston of a pump or working-cylinder, or any substantially the same, as and for the purpose described.

New Haven, May 31, 1872.

` ALEXR. C. TVVINING.

litnesses: y U l J. ill. CATLIN, JAMES HADLEY. 

